How to conduct inferential likert data analysis with excel

Inferential statistics are frequently used to answer cause-and-effect questions. Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions and make predictions based on the analysis of numeric data. Hence, for experiments conducted with a smaller sample size, it is preferable to provide Mean В± SE. SE is directly affected by the sample size. SD is a part of the descriptive statistics, while SE is a part of the inferential statistics. Mean В± SD is expressed only for continuous data. Virtually all of the measurements lie within three standard deviations of the mean.ДЄ small SD indicates little variability in the sample data while a large SD indicates a lot of variability in the sample data.

Approximately 95% of the measurements fall within two standard deviations of the mean (in the range (Ој в€’ 2Пѓ, Ој + 2Пѓ). Approximately 68% of the measurements fall within one standard deviation of the mean (in the range (Ој в€’ Пѓ, Ој + Пѓ)). Approximately half (50%) of the measurements fall above (and thus, half fall below) the mean. The SD characterizes the distribution of the entire sample data points around the sample mean. The SD (Пѓ) quantifies the variability of individual measurements in a study sample. Normal/Gaussian distributions are symmetric distributions that are classified by their mean (Ој), and their standard deviation (Пѓ). Variables (and statistics) that have probability distributions that can be characterized this way are said to be normally distributed. That is, most of the measurements in the population tend to fall around some center point (the mean, Ој), and as the distance from Ој increases, the relative frequency of measurements decreases. Probability distributions in a sample can be thought of as being bell-shaped. While the SD refers to individual observations in a study sample, the SE quantifies the variability of observed sample means if the study were repeated many times. The two measures which quantify variability are the standard deviation (SD) and the standard error (SE). Variability, in a statistical sense, is a quantitative measure of how close together or spread out the distribution of scores is. Measures of dispersion: (variability) of data, i.e., how spread out data are, as measured by the variance and its square root, the standard deviation. In the hypothesis вЂњperiodontitis is higher in subjects with poor oral hygiene,вЂќ poor oral hygiene (the cause) is the independent variable and periodontitis (the effect) is the dependent variable.Дata can be classified as (i) Quantitative data which measure either how much or how many of something, i.e., a set of observations where any single observation is a number that represents an amount or a count and (ii) Qualitative data which provide the quality of observations, i.e., it describes something. The independent or the X variable causes an effect that is seen on the dependent variable. The variable(s) we measure as the outcome of interest is the dependent variable (Y variable), or response/effect.

There are two types of variables вЂ“ dependent and independent. A variable is something that can be changed, such as a characteristic or value. It is important to introduce the term variable in this context. Data file can take the form of a spreadsheet with individual people forming the rows of the spreadsheet, and the variables forming columns.

The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. This forms the raw data which are in the form of a master chart or table. A computer program like Microsoft Excel В© would facilitate easy entry of data. All the data are entered manually on paper or directly entered into a spread sheet or database or directly into a computer. The data that are obtained after the study is usually in the form of filled individual case proformas or questionnaires.

How to conduct inferential likert data analysis with excel